Monday, August 8, 2011

Abnormal Brain Structure in Teens with Internet Addiction

Microstructure Abnormalities in Adolescents with Internet Addiction Disorder

Recent studies suggest that internet addiction disorder (IAD) is associated with structural abnormalities in brain gray matter. However, few studies have investigated the effects of internet addiction on the microstructural integrity of major neuronal fiber pathways, and almost no studies have assessed the microstructural changes with the duration of internet addiction.
We investigated the morphology of the brain in adolescents with IAD (N = 18) using an optimized voxel-based morphometry (VBM) technique, and studied the white matter fractional anisotropy (FA) changes using the diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) method, linking these brain structural measures to the duration of IAD. We provided evidences demonstrating the multiple structural changes of the brain in IAD subjects. VBM results indicated the decreased gray matter volume in the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), the supplementary motor area (SMA), the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), the cerebellum and the left rostral ACC (rACC). DTI analysis revealed the enhanced FA value of the left posterior limb of the internal capsule (PLIC) and reduced FA value in the white matter within the right parahippocampal gyrus (PHG). Gray matter volumes of the DLPFC, rACC, SMA, and white matter FA changes of the PLIC were significantly correlated with the duration of internet addiction in the adolescents with IAD.
Our results suggested that long-term internet addiction would result in brain structural alterations, which probably contributed to chronic dysfunction in subjects with IAD. The current study may shed further light on the potential brain effects of IAD.

Kai Yuan1, Wei Qin1, Guihong Wang1,2, Fang Zeng3, Liyan Zhao4, Xuejuan Yang1, Peng Liu1, Jixin Liu1, Jinbo Sun1, Karen M. von Deneen1, Qiyong Gong5, Yijun Liu6*, Jie Tian1,7*
1 School of Life Sciences and Technology, Life Sciences Research Center, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China, 2 Department of Applied Mathematics, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China, 3 The 3rd Teaching Hospital, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China, 4 National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China, 5 Department of Radiology, The Center for Medical Imaging, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China, 6 Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America, 7 Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

Background

Recent studies suggest that internet addiction disorder (IAD) is associated with structural abnormalities in brain gray matter. However, few studies have investigated the effects of internet addiction on the microstructural integrity of major neuronal fiber pathways, and almost no studies have assessed the microstructural changes with the duration of internet addiction.

Methodology/Principal Findings

We investigated the morphology of the brain in adolescents with IAD (N = 18) using an optimized voxel-based morphometry (VBM) technique, and studied the white matter fractional anisotropy (FA) changes using the diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) method, linking these brain structural measures to the duration of IAD. We provided evidences demonstrating the multiple structural changes of the brain in IAD subjects. VBM results indicated the decreased gray matter volume in the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), the supplementary motor area (SMA), the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), the cerebellum and the left rostral ACC (rACC). DTI analysis revealed the enhanced FA value of the left posterior limb of the internal capsule (PLIC) and reduced FA value in the white matter within the right parahippocampal gyrus (PHG). Gray matter volumes of the DLPFC, rACC, SMA, and white matter FA changes of the PLIC were significantly correlated with the duration of internet addiction in the adolescents with IAD.

Conclusions

Our results suggested that long-term internet addiction would result in brain structural alterations, which probably contributed to chronic dysfunction in subjects with IAD. The current study may shed further light on the potential brain effects of IAD.

Wall Street Journal Blog on Autism and Internet Addiction

The Internet, Autism, and ‘Greenfieldisms’

The Oxford neuroscientist Susan Greenfield is concerned about childrens’ immersion in the world of video games and the Internet—to say the least. She has repeatedly said that technology is changing the brains of young people, most likely for the worse. When New Scientist recently asked her to cite some of the evidence for that claim, she replied:
There is lots of evidence, for example, the recent paper “Microstructure abnormalities in adolescents with internet addiction disorder” in the journal PLoS One. We know the human brain can change and the environment can change it.
There is an increase in people with autistic spectrum disorders. There are issues with happy-slapping, the rise in the appeal of Twitter—I think these show that people’s attitude to each other and themselves is changing.
It was the reference to autism that particularly set off one of Greenfield’s colleagues, the neuropsychologist Dorothy Bishop, who said that the last thing that parents of autistic children needed was more unfounded speculation about the origins of that disorder.
At which point Greenfield backpedaled, telling the Guardian that she wasn’t making a direct causal argument: “I point to the increase in autism and I point to Internet use. That’s all.”
Upon reading this—after lifting his head up from the keyboard where it had crashed—the science writer Carl Zimmer promptly coined the Twitter hashtag #Greenfieldism. His first contribution:
I point to the increase in esophageal cancer and I point to The Brady Bunch. That’s all.
Watch the meme take off (see also #Greenfieldisms).
Amid the riches, it’s unfair to single one out in particular, but here goes:
I point to the rise of Rebecca Black and the Greek sovereign debt crisis, that is all.
(This morning, the Guardian’s Martin Robbins looks at whether Bishop, Zimmer, and others have quoted Greenfield out of context or otherwise misrepresented her views. Short answer: no.)

Sunday, August 7, 2011

I was interviewed today on a radio show hosted by Dr. Kari Miller.

Solutions to Cyber and Gaming Addiction

by SpecialKidSchoolTalk

You may suspect that your child (or your spouse, or even yourself) has an interest in electronics that is beyond control.  But how can you help?  Dr. Kari interviews Chris Mulligan of the Cyber Addiction Recovery Center about who is most at risk to develop cyber abuse and gaming addition, how to determine if your child’s interest is, in fact, an addiction, and what should be done about it.  Be sure to call in with your questions, submit questions during the broadcast via the chat room, or email questions before the broadcast to Dr. Kari at klmiller555@sbcglobal.net.  Mr. Mulligan’s website: www.cyberaddictionrecovery.com, Mr. Mulligan is offering a free questionnaire to help parents know if their child has a

Saturday, August 6, 2011

A Day Without Media? Could You Do it?

24 Hours: Unplugged

What is it like to go without media?  What if you had to give up your cell phone, iPod, television, car radio, magazines, newspapers and computer (i.e. no texting, no Facebook or IM-ing)?

Could you do it?  Is it even possible?

Well, not really, if you are an American college student today.

According to a new ICMPA study, most college students  are not just unwilling, but functionally unable to be without their media links to the world.

“I clearly am addicted and the dependency is sickening,” said one student in the study.  “I feel like most people these days are in a similar situation, for between having a Blackberry, a laptop, a television, and an iPod, people have become unable to shed their media skin.”
This is a "Wordle" data visualization of the over 100,000 words the students in the study wrote about their experiences of going 24 hours without media. This Wordle cloud makes larger those words that appeared most frequently in the students' comments.

This new study conducted by the International Center for Media & the Public Agenda (ICMPA) asked 200 students at the University of Maryland, College Park to abstain from using all media for 24 hours.  After their 24 hours of abstinence, the students were then asked to blog on private class websites about their experiences: to report their successes and admit to any failures.  The 200 students wrote over 110,000 words: in aggregate, about the same number of words as a 400-page novel.
WHAT WERE THE STUDY’S TOP 5 HIGHLIGHTS?

  1. Students use literal terms of addiction to characterize their dependence on media.
    “Although I started the day feeling good, I noticed my mood started to change around noon. I started to feel isolated and lonely. I received several phone calls that I could not answer,” wrote one student.  “By 2:00 pm. I began to feel the urgent need to check my email, and even thought of a million ideas of why I had to. I felt like a person on a deserted island…. I noticed physically, that I began to fidget, as if I was addicted to my iPod and other media devices, and maybe I am.” (for more, click HERE)
  2. Students hate going without media.  In their world, going without media, means going without their friends and family.
    “Texting and IM-ing my friends gives me a constant feeling of comfort,” wrote one student. “When I did not have those two luxuries, I felt quite alone and secluded from my life. Although I go to a school with thousands of students, the fact that I was not able to communicate with anyone via technology was almost unbearable.” (for more, click HERE)
  3. Students show no significant loyalty to a news program, news personality or even news platform.  Students have only a casual relationship to the originators of news, and in fact don’t make fine distinctions between news and more personal information. They get news in a disaggregated way, often via friends.
    “Although I will admit I do not actively keep up with breaking news every day I do get a lot of information on a daily basis through social networking, text messaging, and websites such as Gmail, where it does have headlines on the homepage. It is very important to me to have some sense of what is going on in the world on a daily basis, but I also focus in on issues that I do care about, and I keep up with that particular issues progress. For example, the Equal Rights campaign, or local and global environmental organizations, whose progress I follow via Twitter, Facebook or their websites.” (for more, click HERE)
  4. 18-21 year old college students are constantly texting and on Facebook—with calling and email distant seconds as ways of staying in touch, especially with friends.
    Said one student,”Texting and Facebook allow me to make plans to meet up and act socially, whereas without these two devices I had no easy way of making plans unless I happened to run into the person I wanted to do something with.” (for more, click HERE)
  5. Students could live without their TVs and the newspaper, but they can’t survive without their iPods.
    “It was really hard for me to go without listening to my iPod during the day because it’s kind of my way to zone out of everything and everyone when I walk to class. It gets my mind right. Listening to music before I go to class or take an exam is my way of getting amped up like a football player before a game. It sounds weird but music really helps to set my mood or fix my mood and without it I had to rely on other people to keep me in a good mood,” said one student. (for more, click HERE)

Wednesday, August 3, 2011

What is the effect of porn on teen boys?

Below is a blog by Alexandra Katahakis MFT from Psychology Today:

Effects of Porn on Adolescent Boys

When porn becomes an adolescent boy's mode of sex education
The onset of puberty brings drastic changes in the life of adolescent boys. Their hormone levels spike, their bodies go through many changes signaling a transition from boyhood to manhood, and their curiosity about sex and sexuality accelerates.
It can be a time of great curiosity and great confusion because boys' budding sexuality opens them up to many questions, fantasies, and urges that have not existed before. Adolescent boys have historically sought out information about sex through friends, family members, and pornography, hoping that this knowledge will fulfill their newfound curiosity and urges. But in today's digital world, most adolescents turn to porn for answers-and pleasure--and when porn becomes an adolescent boy's primary mode of sexual education, it can be harmful to his brain's sexual development.

Between the ages of 12 and 20, the human brain undergoes a period of great neuroplasticity. The brain is in a malleable phase during which billions of new synaptic connections are made. This leaves us vulnerable to the influence of our surroundings and leads our brains to be "wired" around the experiences and information that we receive during that time period.

When an adolescent boy compulsively views pornography, his brain chemistry can become shaped around the attitudes and situations that he is watching. Sadly, pornography paints an unrealistic picture of sexuality and relationships that can create an expectation for real-life experiences that will never be fulfilled.

Pornography can be exciting for an adolescent boy to watch, but it can also be intimidating. It is important to note that the average size of a man's erect penis is 5.8 inches long, while the average size of a male porn star's erect penis is 8 inches long. Also, 85% of female porn stars have breast implants, and 100% of the pictures of porn centerfolds have been enhanced, according to Men's Health, March 2004.

Pornography shows us a world where relationships mean nothing and immediate sexual gratification means everything. Therefore, the adolescent viewer's brain is being wired to expect that sex and relationships are separate from one another, and that men and women's bodies should be sexually exaggerated as they are in porn--which can lead to shame about one's own body as well as failure to be aroused by the bodies of others.

Pornography on the Internet can be inexpensive, easy to access, and easy to hide. Many adolescents look at pornography when their parents think they are doing homework. While masturbating to porn, the adolescent brain is being shaped around a sexual experience that is isolating, visceral, and completely void of any love or compassion. This has the potential to lead to great problems in sexual compulsivity and sex addiction throughout the adolescent boy's life because his brain gets shaped to expect the "heroin-like" porn dopamine rush from all of his real-life sexual experiences. When he realizes that his actual sexual experiences are lacking this rush, he may seek out riskier and more visceral experiences that resonate with his early porn use. This is a scary vision for generations to come where men's brains have been "porno-sized" in adolescence to lead to a lifetime of sexual pathology.

If you're raising an adolescent boy, now is the time to talk to him in explicit detail about what interests him sexually. Is he more attracted to females or males? If so, does he have a crush on anyone? Is he willing to introduce you that person? Take time to let him know that his sexuality is nothing to be ashamed of and that you're going to put a filter on his computer to protect him from images that may be too much for his developing brain to handle. Where social networking is concerned, ask him if you can have access to his site so that you're part of his community of friends. Since sex education is sorely lacking in our public schools, you should involve yourself in guiding and educating your son about sex so that he can grow into a healthy sexual adult.

Sunday, July 31, 2011

Cyber Addiction Test for Children and Teens


CHRISTOPHER MULLIGAN LCSW
3685 Motor Avenue, Suite 150
Los Angeles, California 90034
310/287-1640

www.cyberaddictionrecovery.com
                              
CHILD/TEEN TECHNOLOGY ADDICTION TEST

SCORING:

DOES NOT APPLY= O
RARELY=1
OCCASIONALLY=2
FREQUENTLY=3
OFTEN=4
ALWAYS=5

  1. How much time does your child spend playing video games per day?
__ none
__ 1 to 2 hours
__ 3 to 5 hours
__ 6 to 8 hours
__ more than 8 hours

  1. How much time does your child spend on the internet per day (playing on-line games, researching areas of interest, down loading music and videos, YouTube, chat rooms, instant messaging)?
__ none
__ 1 to 2 hours
__ 3 to 5 hours
__ 6 to 8 hours
__ more than 8 hours

  1. Does your child refuse to accept time limits set for video gaming and on-line use?
___ does not apply
___ rarely
___ occasionally
___ frequently
___ often
___ always

0-1-2-3-4-5 score _____



  1. Does your child eat meals while online or when gaming?
___ does not apply
___ rarely
___ occasionally
___ frequently
___ often
___ always

0-1-2-3-4-5 score _____

  1. Does your child reject physical activities (swimming, biking, hiking, sports, park play, camping) in favor of gaming and/or being online?
___ does not apply
___ rarely
___ occasionally
___ frequently
___ often
___ always

0-1-2-3-4-5 score _____

  1. Does your child engage in lengthy discussions/monologues about video games and/or on-line activities?
___ does not apply
___ rarely
___ occasionally
___ frequently
___ often
___ always

0-1-2-3-4-5 score _____

  1. Has your child gained weight as a result of video gaming and on-line activities?
___ no
___ yes

(If yes, how much weight? _________lbs)

 
  1. Does your child complain of body aches/pains related to video gaming and/or on-line use? (carpal tunnel syndrome, stiff neck, back pain, eye strain)
___ does not apply
___ rarely
___ occasionally
___ frequently
___ often
___ always

0-1-2-3-4-5 score _____

  1. Does your child neglect household chores in order to continue gaming or staying on-line?
___ does not apply
___ rarely
___ occasionally
___ frequently
___ often
___ always

0-1-2-3-4-5 score _____

  1. Does your child prefer to spend time gaming or being on-line rather than spend time with family?
___ does not apply
___ rarely
___ occasionally
___ frequently
___ often
___ always

0-1-2-3-4-5 score _____

  1. Does your child say s/he has made friends via gaming and on-line activities but spends the majority of his/her time alone gaming and/or being online?
___ does not apply
___ rarely
___ occasionally
___ frequently
___ often
___ always

0-1-2-3-4-5 score _____


  1. Do your child’s grades suffer as a result of gaming and/or on-line use?
___ does not apply
___ rarely
___ occasionally
___ frequently
___ often
___ always

0-1-2-3-4-5 score _____

  1. Does your child play a video game, check his/her email or go online to chat before doing anything else (e.g., chores, homework, saying hello, having a check-in conversation, etc.).
___ does not apply
___ rarely
___ occasionally
___ frequently
___ often
___ always

0-1-2-3-4-5 score _____

  1. Does your child complain that all activities are boring/useless except for gaming or being on-line?
___ does not apply
___ rarely
___ occasionally
___ frequently
___ often
___ always

0-1-2-3-4-5 score _____

  1. Does your child lose track of time when gaming or on-line (time warp)?
___ does not apply
___ rarely
___ occasionally
___ frequently
___ often
___ always

0-1-2-3-4-5 score _____


  1. Does your child argue any time limit on gaming or on-line use is “unfair”?
___ does not apply
___ rarely
___ occasionally
___ frequently
___ often
___ always

0-1-2-3-4-5 score _____

  1. Does your child attempt to hide how long s/he has been gaming or on-line?
___ does not apply
___ rarely
___ occasionally
___ frequently
___ often
___ always

0-1-2-3-4-5 score _____

  1. Does your child become defensive and/or secretive when asked what s/he is doing on-line or what game s/he is playing?
___ does not apply
___ rarely
___ occasionally
___ frequently
___ often
___ always

0-1-2-3-4-5 score _____

  1. Does your child spend time alone in his/her room when on-line or when playing video games?
___ does not apply
___ rarely
___ occasionally
___ frequently
___ often
___ always

0-1-2-3-4-5 score _____




  1. Does your child snap, yell and/or act annoyed if interrupted when on-line or when  gaming?
___ does not apply
___ rarely
___ occasionally
___ frequently
___ often
___ always

0-1-2-3-4-5 score _____

  1. Does your child experience fatigue during the day due to staying up late gaming or being on-line?
      ___ does not apply
___ rarely
___ occasionally
___ frequently
___ often
___ always

0-1-2-3-4-5 score _____

  1. Does your child use energy drinks or caffeinated beverages while gaming or when on-line?
___ does not apply
___ rarely
___ occasionally
___ frequently
___ often
___ always

0-1-2-3-4-5 score _____

  1. Does your child prefer to engage in gaming or on-line activities rather than spend time with peers from school or peers from the community?
___ does not apply
___ rarely
___ occasionally
___ frequently
___ often
___ always

0-1-2-3-4-5 score _____


  1. Does your child become angry or belligerent when you place a time limit on gaming, on-line activities, or using a smart phone?
___ does not apply
___ rarely
___ occasionally
___ frequently
___ often
___ always

0-1-2-3-4-5 score _____

  1. Does your child appear depressed, moody, or agitated when “unplugged” from gaming and/or the internet?
___ does not apply
___ rarely
___ occasionally
___ frequently
___ often
___ always

0-1-2-3-4-5 score _____

  1. Does your child seem to use video gaming and/or being on-line as a way of coping with social skills problems, anxiety, depression, and/or social isolation?
___ does not apply
___ rarely
___ occasionally
___ frequently
___ often
___ always

0-1-2-3-4-5 score _____

  1. Does your child use the internet for viewing pornography?
___ does not apply
___ rarely
___ occasionally
___ frequently
___ often
___ always

0-1-2-3-4-5 score _____



  1. Does your child use a smartphone (or other cell phone) to send sexually explicit images or text messages?
___ does not apply
___ rarely
      ___ occasionally
      ___ frequently
      ___ often
      ___ always

0-1-2-3-4-5 score _____


  1. Does your child engage in compulsive texting, Facebook checking, and/or instant messaging? (100 texts per day? Multiple hours per day on Facebook posting messages and photos? Switch tasking between texting, Facebook, and instant messaging?)
___ does not apply
___ rarely
___ occasionally
___ frequently
___ often
___ always

0-1-2-3-4-5 score _____

  1. Does your child use Ebay, Amazon or other on-line retail businesses in excess of time and financial limits that you have set?
___ does not apply
___ rarely
___ occasionally
___ frequently
___ often
___ always

0-1-2-3-4-5 score _____

TOTAL SCORE= _________________

Scoring:

26 – 64  Average gaming and online use (child is spending no more than 1.5 hours per day on-line or gaming and is able to participate successfully in home, school, and social roles and functions).


65 – 103 Gaming and online use are causing significant day-to-day problems (child is spending more than 3 hours per day on-line and/or gaming, is constantly arguing about screen time, is refusing to attend to chores and homework, is beginning to show signs of social isolation and is preferring electronic forms of entertainment to all “off-line” forms of recreation).

104 – 130 Gaming and online use are causing severe problems (these problems include complete social isolation, depression, chronic fatigue, school failure, defiance/non-compliance related to limits on technology use, weight gain, orthopedic problems, loss of sense of reality, and addiction symptoms such as emotional agitation and/or depression when “off-line).

Key risk factors:

Childhood onset depression and anxiety disorders, social skills deficits, Asperger’s Syndrome, ADHD, preferring technology to “off-line” forms of recreation and socialization, preferred social isolation, preferred withdrawal from family, secretive behaviors, emotional agitation and/or depression when “off-line, school performance problems, viewing and storing of pornography, and physical symptoms such as back and joint pain and weight gain.

Games that pose the greatest risk:

0 to 10 scale (0=no risk and 10=risk for addiction)

10/10: MMORPG’s (massively multiplayer online role-playing games) such as Entropia Universe, RuneScape, Final Fantasy, and World of Warcraft.

8/10: RTS (real time strategy games) such as Civilization, Age of Empires, Command and Conquer.

7/10: FPS (first person shooter) such as Halo, Call of Duty, and Counterstrike.

5/10: Manage and Control Games (God Games) such as Sims, Roller Coaster Tycoon, Black and White.

4/10: Educational Games that include geography, math, economics, politics, and history.

3/10: Old School Games such as mazes, races, battles that can be played by the entire family played on old platforms like Nintendo 64, PlayStation 1, or Sega’s Dreamacast.

2/10: Physical Simulation Games such as Dance Dance Revolution or WII teenic, bowling, baseball, and boxing.

1/10: Puzzle Games that include logic, language and trivia.



Resources:

Books: Caught in the Net (Kimberly Young), Tangled in the Web (Kimberly Young), Cyber Junkie (Kevin Roberts), The Digital Diet (Daniel Sieberg), Video Games and Your Kids ( Hilarie Cash), and PlayStation Nation (Olivia and Kurt Bruner).

Websites: webwisekids, Center for Media and Child Health, common sense media, netfamilynews, enoughisenough, connectsafely, Berkman Center for Internet and Society.

Professional Consultation: I am available to consult with parents, mental health professionals, physicians, and schools on how to create group and individualized programs to help children, teens and adults who are manifesting symptoms consistent with technology dependence and addiction.




www.cyberaddictionrecovery.com

Tuesday, July 26, 2011

Kimberly Young's Cybersexual Addiction Index

Are you addicted to cybersex? Take this quiz
When does dabbling in cybersex become a destructive addiction? Psychologist Kimberly Young has created the Cybersexual Addiction Index to help people determine whether they've crossed the line to an unhealthy dependency.
Select the response that best fits the frequency of behavior described. 0 = not applicable; 1 = rarely; 2 = occasionally; 3 = frequently; 4 = often; 5 = always.
1 How often do you neglect other responsibilities to spend more time having cybersex?
2 How often do you prefer cybersex to sexual intimacy with your partner?
3 How often do you spend significant amounts of time in chat rooms and private messaging with the sole purpose of finding cybersex?
4 How often do others in your life complain about the amount of time you spend online?
5 How often does your job performance or productivity suffer because of cybersex activities at work?
6 How often do you become defensive or secretive when anyone asks what you do online?
7 How often do you become anxious, nervous or upset when you are unable to access sexually oriented Web sites?
8 How often do you fear that life without cybersex would be boring, empty and joyless?
9 How often do you masturbate during cybersex?
10 How often do you snap, yell or act annoyed if someone bothers you while you are online?
11 How often do you lose sleep because of late-night log-ins having cybersex?
12 How often do you feel pre occupied with cybersex when off line and/or fantasize about having cybersex?
13 How often do you bookmark or subscribe to sexually oriented Web sites?
14 How often do you use cybersex as a reward for accomplishing something (e.g., stressful day, end of a task)?
15 How often do you use anonymous communication to engage in sexual fantasies not typically carried out in real life?
16 How often do you anticipate your next online session with the expectation that you will find sexual arousal or gratification?
17 How often do you hide your online sexual interactions from your significant other?
18 How often do you move from cybersex to phone sex (or even real-life meetings)?
19 How often do you feel guilty or shameful after cybersex?
20 How often do you engage in deceptive or deviant online sexual behavior?
Scoring: Add the numbers for each response to obtain a final score. The higher the score, the greater the level of addiction:
None: 0-30 points
Mild: 31-49 points
Moderate: 50-79 points
Severe: 80-100 points